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The Purpose of This Web Site

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Chances are that if you did not specifically ask, you were not informed about an alternative to hysterectomy. And, if you did inquire, you may have received an unsatisfactory response. You may have been told that "hysterectomy is the best and most reasonable solution in your situation", or that having completed your family, you "don't need your uterus and ovaries any more". Understandably, your reaction to this may have been shock, disbelief or anger and you simply couldn't accept this. You were wondering if there were any alternatives to hysterectomy?

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In the United States 550,000 hysterectomies are performed each year. In the vast majority of these cases the indications for surgery are benign, non life-threatening conditions. Only 10% of hysterectomies are performed for cancer.

The common rationale for advising hysterectomy and oophorectomy (removal of the uterus and the ovaries) is as follows: the role of the uterus is that of an "incubator," to carry babies into this world. Once the incubator role is over, be it because of a woman's age or her lack of desire for more children, the uterus is a nuisance. The uterus may bleed, cause pain, prolapse, and/or develop cancer. At this point, hysterectomy would be considered an advantage to a woman's well being and longevity. Regarding the ovaries, it is commonly felt that after age 40, ovarian function (hormone production) is approaching its end, and since the ovaries can develop cancer it is only logical to remove the ovaries as well during hysterectomy. The resulting absence of ovarian estrogen, it is proposed, can be easily overcome with estrogen replacement therapy.

Is this attitude supported by scientific evidence and recent research? An increasing number of women, as well as many physicians, believe strongly that it is not. The uterus has many roles, not just that of an incubator. Consequently, hysterectomy may be followed by negative consequences, which may significantly impact the quality of a woman's life. First, let us consider the old rationale that hysterectomy and oophorectomy can prolong a woman's life by preventing uterine and/or ovarian cancer. The lifetime probability that a 50 year-old woman will die of uterine cancer (including cervical cancer) is 0.5%, for ovarian cancer this probability is 0.8%. (Interestingly the risk of ovarian cancer after hysterectomy is 40% lower than expected compared to the general population). In contrast, the same woman's risk of dying of cardiovascular (heart and blood vessels) disease is 50%. It has been shown that hysterectomy (even without oophorectomy) during a woman's reproductive years increases the risk (triple the risk according to some studies) of heart attack during the remaining reproductive years. If the ovaries are removed as well, the risk of developing heart disease and osteoporosis is further increased. The risk of coronary heart disease decreases by 6% for each year oophorectomy is delayed after menopause.

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Recent studies show that the symptoms of surgical menopause (sudden onset of menopause after removal of the ovaries) are more severe and prolonged compared to symptoms during natural menopause (when ovarian function gradually diminishes). The aging ovaries continue to produce certain amounts of estrogen for at least ten years after the start of menopause and of androgens until at least age 80. The androgens are converted to estrogens by the fatty tissue and muscle to estrogens. Women who had their ovaries removed after menopause had 54% more osteoporotic fractures than women with intact ovaries. Androgen deficiency affects bone loss, libido, muscular and fat distribution, the sense of well being, energy, and appetite. Preservation of the ovarian production of estrogen and androgen, albeit reduced compared to the reproductive years, may contribute significantly to a woman's health. This is another rationale for preserving the genital organs even after menses have ceased.

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Swedish researchers published a very large population study that showed that women undergoing hysterectomy are twice as likely to require subsequent surgery for Stress urinary incontinence, the risk being higher within the first five years.  The need for organ prolapse surgery increases 50% women with a previous total abdominal hysterectomy, doubles among women with a previous subtotal hysterectomy and quadruples with a previous vaginal hysterectomy.

A recent study reports that women who underwent oophorectomy had an increased risk of developing dementia and cognitive impairment, especially if surgery occurred before age 38. The risk of dementia and cognitive impairment increased 70% in women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy before age 46 and 260% in women who had unilateral oophorectomy before age 38. It is also significant that surgical menopause is abrupt and can cause intensified symptoms. The health risks associated with bilateral salpingo oophreectomy appear to outweigh any health benefits it might confer.

Other long-term adverse effects of hysterectomy have been reported. Some studies, although not all, report that new urinary symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and incontinence occur in 30% of woman after hysterectomy. This may be the inevitable result of bladder denervation (surgically cutting off the nerve supply to the bladder) during hysterectomy. Also, slow propulsion constipation develops in about a third of women after hysterectomy, even without the presence of rectocele. Frequently, hysterectomy leads to sagging of some internal genital organs such as the anterior vaginal wall (dropped bladder or cystocele) and posterior vaginal wall (rectocele). These conditions may cause symptoms such as difficulties in urination, stress urinary incontinence or constipation, difficulty in penetration during intercourse, and vaginal infection. These conditions may be severe enough to require surgical correction.

Emotional health may also be affected by hysterectomy. The uterus has great psychological significance for some women, more so in certain cultures. Although many women have no emotional difficulties after surgery, hysterectomy may be followed by problems such as depression, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction. The issue of sexual function after hysterectomy is complex. Some women feel that by losing their uterus they have lost their womanhood. They may feel that their partner no longer desires them leading to loss of libido. One physical consequence which may result from hysterectomy, and may directly affect sexual function, is shortening of the vagina resulting in pain during deep penetration. The most important effect of hysterectomy on sexual function may be on orgasm. For some women, "deep" orgasm involves rhythmic uterine contractions. Following hysterectomy this important component is lacking and such women complain of a dramatic decline in the quality of their orgasm. For women whose orgasmic pleasure does not depend on uterine contractions, hysterectomy may not lead to a decline in the quality of their sexual response. In fact, many women report that hysterectomy led to an improved sexual life, especially when hysterectomy eliminated major medical problems such as bleeding, pain, and/or prolapse of the uterus. In other women, fear of an unwanted pregnancy always had a negative effect on sexual function and elimination of this fear by hysterectomy has enhanced pleasure.

Finally, many women are strongly opposed, in principle, to the removal of any organ, genital or otherwise, unless absolutely necessary.

In this discussion the drawbacks of hysterectomy have been summarized. As women have informed themselves regarding these issues many have resisted hysterectomy until they are convinced that it is absolutely necessary for their well-being. After 30+ years in the practice of obstetrics and gynecology it remains my firm belief that a woman has the right to decide the fate of her own organs. She should not be made to feel inadequate or disturbed for questioning the necessity of hysterectomy. In fact, I believe that it is the obligation of the physician to present to each woman all of her treatment options in detail, giving her the pros and cons of each option. I believe a physician should do so honestly, even if that particular physician is not capable of providing some of the treatment options. If the patient elects not to have an hysterectomy, it is the obligation of the physician to support her in her decision, even when it means referral to another expert.

"......use of hysterectomy will decrease as time advances...truly visionary and responsible  gynecologists will be committed to the development of new methods for dealing with certain functional diseases of the uterus which will provide greater comfort and safety for the patient."

R. Landesman, MD
(From: Obstetrics and Gynecology 1969:34,625)

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